Tag: fatwa

  • Fatwa Bank Susu: Para Asatizah Tidak Punyai Sebarang Sebab Untuk Salah Faham Selepas Sesi Penerangan

    Fatwa Bank Susu: Para Asatizah Tidak Punyai Sebarang Sebab Untuk Salah Faham Selepas Sesi Penerangan

    Bank Susu

    Bila kita tidak mempunyai maklumat yang benar dan tepat disebalik fatwa Bank Susu yang baru dikeluarkan, maka banyak pandangan sumbang dan kurang tepat yang dikeluarkan. Bagi para asatizah, mereka tidak mempunyai sebarang sebab untuk salah faham kerana satu sesi penerangan telah dilakukan pada 15 Aug 2017 di MUIS Auditorium. Mereka sepatutnya mengambil peluang tersebut untuk meminta penjelasan serta pandangan Majlis Fatwa. Jika mereka terlepas peluang, tiada siapa yang sepatutnya disalahkan melainkan diri mereka sendiri.

    Bagi maklumat semua, beberapa sesi pengumpulan maklumat telah dijalankan oleh Majlis Fatwa dari pihak pakar perubatan serta pentadbir hospital kerajaan bagi memastikan cara serta proses yang akan dijalankan dalam penerimaan susu penderma. Risiko-risiko yang mungkin berlaku jika susu diberi lambat kepada bayi serta proses yang perlu dijalani ke atas penderma dari segi kesihatan dan pemeriksaan darah juga diambil kira. Susu hanya dapat diambil dari wanita yang bebas dari penyakit sahaja. Susu juga perlu melalui proses “pembersihan” supaya tidak mendatangkan bahaya kepada bayi. Kemudian beberapa sesi pembentangan serta perbincangan telah diadakan. Kemudian, hujjah setiap dari ulama yang membenarkan serta yang melarang telah dikaji untuk memutuskan hujjah yang paling tepat serta sesuai dengan keadaan bayi pramatang yang berlaku di Singapura. Perbincangan yang agak panjang sebelum keputusan dilakukan.

    Bagi mereka yang tidak ingin membuat kajian dahulu sebelum membuat bidasan ke atas fatwa ini, saya harap supaya berhati-hati pada masa depan. Kadang kala, pandangan kita akan menyusahkan masyarakat dan keluarga kita sendiri. Ada di kalangan kita rasa bahawa anak kita sudah besar dan tak perlu kepada pendermaan susu badan wanita lain. Jangan lupa, ia mungkin saja berlaku kepada cucu kita yang dilahirkan pramatang yang mungkin menjadi ujian ke atas kita oleh Allah SWT. Sekian.

     

    Source: Mohd Kamal Mokhtar

  • Jawatankuasa Fatwa Muis Benarkan Bayi Muslim Terima Susu & Ibu Muslim Derma Susu

    Jawatankuasa Fatwa Muis Benarkan Bayi Muslim Terima Susu & Ibu Muslim Derma Susu

    Jawatankuasa Fatwa MUIS memutuskan bahawa pendermaan susu ibu dan pengambilan susu dari bank susu ibu dibenarkan dalam Islam.

    Demikian menurut Pembantu Pengarah Di Pejabat Mufti dan Pembangunan Asatizah Ustaz Irwan Hadi di pelancaran bank derma susu ibu di Hospital Wanita dan Kanak-Kanak KK (KKH) .

    Bank yang buat pertama kali ditubuhkan di Singapura itu dilancarkan hari ini (17 Ogos) oleh mantan Speaker Parlimen Halimah Yacob.

    Projek perintis selama tiga tahun itu dikendalikan dengan kerjasama Yayasan Temasek Cares dan diwujudkan bagi ibu-ibu yang tidak berupaya mengeluarkan susu badan yang mencukupi untuk bayi-bayi yang dilahirkan tidak cukup bulan yang sakit.

    Atas dasar memberi manfaat besar kepada bayi yang memerlukan, Ustaz Irwan berkata Jawatankuasa Fatwa Muis memutuskan bahawa pendermaan susu ibu dan pengambilan susu dari bank susu ibu dibenarkan dalam Islam.

    Dalam soal kaitan persaudaraan atau mahramiyah antara bayi dengan ibu susuan, Jawatankuasa Fatwa menjelaskan bahawa isu tersebut tidak timbul sama sekali dalam hal ini.

    Ini kerana wujud masyaqqah atau satu situasi yang menyukarkan dan membawa kepada satu keperluan untuk bayi-bayi pramatang yang sakit mendapatkan susu ibu.

    Tambahan lagi, bayi tersebut akan menerima susu ibu dari sehingga 20 ibu yang menderma dan bukan dari seorang ibu sahaja, tanpa mengetahui jumlah susu yang diambil dari setiap ibu.

    Dalam hal ini juga, bayi tidak diberikan susu tersebut atas tujuan untuk mengenyangkan sebagaimana yang ditetapkan dalam Islam untuk satu ikatan itu dijalinkan antara bayi dengan ibu susuan, tetapi lebih kepada memenuhi keperluan kesihatan si bayi.

    Sebanyak S$1.37 juta diperuntukkan bagi menubuhkan bank derma susu berkenaan yang akan mengumpul, memeriksa, memproses dan menyimpan bekalan susu daripada ibu-ibu yang menderma.

    KKH dan Yayasan Temasek Cares berharap dapat menarik lebih 370 ibu untuk mendermakan susu badan yang berlebihan.

    Program itu dijangka memanfaatkan sekitar 900 bayi yang menerima jagaan rapi di KKH, Hospital Besar Singapura dan Hospital Universiti Nasional, sepanjang tempoh tiga tahun.

    Menurut KKH sehingga 80% bayi sakit di unit jagaan rapi neonatal dan wad jagaan khas kanak-kanak perlu meminum susu tepung bagi bayi pramatang kerana ibu mereka tidak dapat menghasilkan susu badan yang mencukupi.

    Dengan pelancaran bank itu, Singapura tergolong dalam senarai 40 buah negara di dunia, yang mempunyai kemudahan sedemikian.

    Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) menyarankan para ibu menyusukan bayi mereka bagi enam bulan pertama kerana ia adalah sumber penting pemakanan dan antibodi yang meningkatkan sistem daya tahan.

    Menurut para pakar, susu badan penting bagi bayi pramatang, yang berisiko dijangkiti penyakit dikenali sebagai necrotising enterocolitis.

     

    Source: http://berita.mediacorp.sg

  • Fatwa Saudi Bolehkan Wanita ‘Tok Kadi’ Jalankan Pernikahan

    Fatwa Saudi Bolehkan Wanita ‘Tok Kadi’ Jalankan Pernikahan

    Percaya atau tidak, wanita boleh menjalankan pernikahan.

    Demikian menurut fatwa yang dikeluarkan seorang anggota Majlis Masyaikh Arab Saudi, Sheikh Abdullah Al-Manea.

    Beliau memberitahu Okaz Daily bahawa tugas itu sekadar mencatat dokumen kontrak perkahwinan dan “jika Kementerian Kehakiman meluluskannya, maka tidak ada sebarang halangan dari segi undang-undang, lapor laman Arab News.

    Untuk melayakkan diri bagi mendapatkan lesen, pemohon perlu mempunyai tatasusila yang baik dan tiada rekod jenayah, mendapat sokongan daripada dua ulama Islam dan berusia 25 tahun ke atas.

    Ini bukanlah fatwa pertama yang dikeluarkan oleh Al-Manea yang menyebelahi kaum wanita.

    Pada bulan September lalu, beliau berkata wanita-wanita adalah penjaga diri mereka sendiri dan mempunyai hak untuk menguruskan semua ehwal berkaitan diri mereka kecuali dalam perkahwinan, lapor Arab News.

    Peguam Nojoud Qasim memberitahu Arab News tiada halangan dari segi undang-undang bagi wanita untuk menjalankan pernikahan.

    Terdapat permintaan bagi kerjaya itu di kalangan wanita Saudi “jika mereka diberi pelulang”, menurut Qasim seperti yang ditukil Arab News.

    Source: BeritaMediacorp

  • Fatwa Response To ISIS

    Fatwa Response To ISIS

    In the Name of God, the All-Merciful, the Giver of Mercy

    This is Not the Path to Paradise

    Response to ISIS

    INTRODUCTION Counsel for the Youth

     

    All praise belongs to the Lord of the worlds. May peace and blessings be upon our Master Muhammad, the Prophet of Mercy and Messenger of Wisdom, his benevolent family, and his noble companions, perpetually until the end of time.

    This is addressed to the young men who bear arms against their own nations and destroy both country and countrymen. You have abandoned all values and made enemies of the world. We call on you to pause, reflect, and heed this counsel for the sake of all who want good for our community.

    As an introduction to the statement, we present these four quotations for serious consideration.

     

    1. A verse from the Qur’an follows:

    When he is empowered, he sets out to do violence in the land, destroying crops and livestock. But God does not love violence” (Qur’an, 2:205).

    Have not crops and livestock, as well as the elderly and women and children, been destroyed? Is this not violence and corruption in the land, which God abhors?

     

    2. A statement from the Prophet, God’s peace and blessings upon him, from his last sermon given on the Farewell Pilgrimage follows:

    Beware (or Woe unto you)! Listen! Do not revert back to disbelief after I have gone— [that is by] some of you killing others.

    Note the use of the phrase “beware” or “woe unto you” that signifies a stern warning. The Prophet, God’s peace and blessings upon him, rarely used such phrases. Furthermore, the scholars of Islam say that this hadith indicates that some will excommunicate others in order to justify killing them. Is this not the excommunication and killing that the Prophet, God’s peace and blessings upon him, forbade?

     

    3. A statement of the Caliph ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, from his last sermon follows:

    Whoever pledges allegiance to someone not appointed by the consultative process of the believers, neither he nor the one to whom he pledged allegiance are to be followed, out of fear of foolishly exposing themselves to being killed with them.

    Has the one who claims to be the caliph of the Muslims consulted the Muslim world, or is he placing himself and those who pledge allegiance to him at risk of being killed? Is this not the disregard of the people which the Caliph ‘Umar warned of?

     

    4. A statement from the great Sunni Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, may God have mercy on him, made to the people of Baghdad [during his time] follows:

    Do not shed your own blood nor the blood of other Muslims along with you. Consider the eventual effects of your actions.

    He spoke these words to those who wanted to overthrow the Abbasid Caliph al-Wathiq after he proclaimed [the heresy] that the Qur’an was created. Is this not just like the bloodshed that Imam Ahmad warned the people of Baghdad against?

    We ask you, out of concern, to reflect on these enlightening statements and to re-evaluate your positions, for turning to truth is better than persisting in falsehood.

    We are not ignorant of the injustices that exist, and we earnestly call for them to cease; yet we believe that the chances for justice are better when there is peace, not war. Everywhere the widespread wars must stop, and the mindless civil strife must halt so that we may gain life and not lose both this world and the hereafter.

    We ask God, most high, to guide everyone. Amen.

     

    ————————————————–

     

    This is Not the Path to Paradise

    A Statement to the Muslim World and its Leaders

    Remember and Consider the Question Why?

    In March 2014, more than 250 Islamic scholars and thinkers from around the world attended the Forum for Promoting Peace in Muslim Societies in Abu Dhabi. One of the goals of the Forum was for these leaders to establish a unified position in response to the gravest threats facing the Muslim world today during this critical phase of its history.

    The gravity of the situation is manifested in the following ways:

    • The uncommon nature of the threat is evidenced by unprecedented levels of violence utilizing every type of warfare. This even includes weapons of mass destruction, which citizens of the same country are using against one another.
    • This violence has a broader reach, as evidenced by the expanding geography that covers a large region of the Muslim and Arab nations. Conflicts are on the verge of spreading to other regions as well.
    • This conflict is different in its duration. Perpetual conflicts, with no end in sight, are becoming the norm.
    • The ideas and psychology associated with this violence are distinct. This dimension augments the three dimensions above since these conflicts have produced the most extreme ideas, the most bizarre fatwas (legal edicts), and the most fanatical and inciting opinions. The discourse has been filled with appalling fatwas rendering judgments on excommunication, deviance, immorality, and heresy. These fatwas have justified bloodshed while disregarding Islamic law’s mandates of civil obedience, respect for life, and to refrain from divisiveness, irrespective of how morally degraded a society becomes. Instead, there are inappropriate claims of engaging in jihad and addressing the ills of society without fulfilling the conditions of doing so, which has led to even more suffering.
    • This conflict has international implications and tarnishes the image of Islam worldwide. Some might even describe our faith as “a religion of terrorism” and work to try Islam and its adherents under Chapter 7 of the UN Charter.

    Some of the recommendations that came out of the Forum for Promoting Peace included the urgent and dire need to reorder the house of the Muslims and to restore its constituents on the individual, societal, and institutional levels. It also reinforced the pressing need to strengthen the “immune system” of the Muslim world against the extremism and violence that exists within it, regardless of where the violence is directed or how it began. The time is now for Muslim societies—individuals and political entities —to work together towards what is right and good and to place the higher interests of humanity and the world above personal interests. They must adopt dialogue and cooperation as the sole strategy to address their concerns.

    In recent weeks and months, the incidences of violence have only accelerated and become more indiscriminate and destructive in nature, leaving no segment of society or religious community unaffected. These trends were predicted and forewarned about at the Forum, and we must quickly work to implement the suggestions and recommendations found in the papers and presentations of the participants.

    Thus, for all who are troubled about the state of the Muslim world and long for its reformation, the Forum for Promoting Peace would like to remind you of and alert you to the following:

    1. The responsibility of the scholars and religious authorities at this time in particular is to protect life. No sane person can remain indifferent to the loss of life and suffering in the Muslim world. What then of those who have pledged to God that they will do their part to set the world right? The reality is that much of what is happening today relies on religious justification as a pretext. The perpetrators use excommunication, allegations of treason, or claim to implement Islamic law in wartime. It appears as though these people have not heard of the tradition of Bishr bin Artah and other well-known traditions on this subject. They also accuse monotheists of polytheism, and they claim they are responding to injustices. Although the allegation of injustices is true, nevertheless their response is wrong, as it is being used for falsehood—for dressing up error in the clothing of truth. Because some of these “leaders” claim to be religious figures, they are causing even greater confusion. At the same time, the media spares no effort to further muddy the waters, and so people’s judgment is skewed, and they falter. For these reasons, there is no excuse for the scholars and leaders to not fulfill their obligation to clarify matters and advise the Muslim world in order to extinguish the fires of conflict and to stop the bloodshed by uniting in truth and cooperating in what is right and good: “Help one another to do what is right and good; do not help one another towards sin and hostility. Be mindful of God, for His punishment is severe” (Qur’an, 5:2).

    2. Much of what is happening in the Muslim world now can be traced back to misunderstandings about aspects of Islamic law that are not problematic for open-minded and peaceful societies. Some examples include applying Islamic penal laws, exercising jihad, establishment of the caliphate, practicing obedience to political leaders, and the moral duty to enjoin good and prevent evil. When properly understood, these concepts safeguard peace and protect the sanctity of life. They exemplify the divine mercy that Islam brought on the tongue of the Prophet of Mercy, Muhammad, may God’s peace and blessings be upon him. When these concepts are misunderstood and adulterated in both form and meaning, they morph into a contradiction of their original purpose, goal, and aim, and so the mercy is replaced by punishment for the community, suffered by the criminal and innocent alike, spreading to both the learned and the ignorant equally.

    Some of the reasons for these misconceptions are as follows:

    a. There is a disconnect between the Islamic dictates and their stipulations: The five rulings of Islamic law (obligation, recommendation, permissibility, discouragement, and prohibition) are regulated by the legal stipulations, which ? are legal causes, preconditions, and preventatives. It is only from combining both the dictates and their stipulations that a proper understanding develops; if we separate the commands and prohibitions from fulfilling the preconditions, establishing the presence of legal causes, and ensuring the lack of preventatives, then the rulings contravene and contradict Islamic law. To state it more simply, the relationship between applying the rulings and the implications of both time and place and the positive and negative consequences has been severed.

     

    b. The relationship between means and end has been distorted: Any disconnection between the ends and goals as well as the means and tools leads to violating Islamic law. That is because the means to evil ends are also evil, and noble ends can be reached only by noble means. So one cannot use genocide, murder, oppression, or vengeance to establish truth and justice.

     

    c. The four values upon which Islamic law is built—wisdom, justice, mercy, and the common good—have been degraded.

    3. Jihad is not synonymous with fighting. Hence, not all jihad is fighting, and not all fighting is jihad. A deeper reading of the primary sources of Islam makes clear that jihad includes all devotions. Filial piety is a form of jihad, as the Prophet, God’s peace and blessings upon him, said, “Make your jihad serving them [your parents].” Obeying God is also a form of jihad, as the hadith states, “The real jihad is to strive against the ego in order to obey God.” For this reason, we call on you to embark on a jihad that will undoubtedly get you into paradise and far away from hell: invoke God often, build mosques, be kind to people, and promote civilization. The great scholar Ibn Taymiyyah said that jihad includes all devotions and righteous acts, even those relating to commerce and manufacturing, as is noted in the Ikhtiyarat of al-Ba’li

    Your community needs your hard work, intellects, and energies to be organized in pursuit of the common good where it intersects with communal development.

    As for the jihad when it relates to fighting, that is in defense of the freedom to practice one’s faith, as is stated in the verse: “Those who have been driven unjustly from their homes only for saying, Our Lord is God’” (Qur’an, 22:40).

    As a rule, the state of relations between Muslims and people of other faiths and persuasions is one of peace. Jihad, in the intent behind its original legislation, is a search for “perpetual peace.”

    That is why all believers are ordered to enter into peace: “O you who believe, enter wholeheartedly into peace, and do not follow in Satans footsteps, for he is your sworn enemy” (Qur’an, 2:208).

    Believers are also ordered to accept any attempts at peace: “But if they incline towards peace, you [Prophet] must also incline towards it, and put your trust in God” (Qur’an, 8:61). It is also very well known that the Prophet, God’s peace and blessings upon him, compromised greatly at the Armistice of Hudaybiyyah for the sake of making peace.

    As for military jihad, that was prescribed for times when there were no global treaties or pacts leaving no means to convey the message of Islam other than with military support, and there were no borders that were acknowledged, unless they were maintained by force, or vast distances separated regions. Also, there were no weapons of mass destruction at this time. All of these premises are no longer the case. How can any Muslim who understands the texts and aims of Islamic law call for war against all other nations? One who does so is foolish, ignorant of the true nature of Islam as well as the realities of today, and seeks to sow corruption in the land.

     

    4.There are many rulings in Islamic law that are not duties meant to be fulfilled by the individual; instead, they are the domain of the political authority or its representative. Among such rulings are military actions and the moral duty to enjoin good and forbid evil. Forbidding evil can sometimes have uncertain consequences, requiring serious deliberation that cannot be done by just anyone. Sometimes it can lead to an even greater evil, and in such a case, forbidding evil would be prohibited for individuals. The same applies to military action such that the government is the only one ordained to attack enemy states abroad, assemble troops, or suppress insurrection. This is mentioned in al-Qarafi’s Distinctions, where he discusses the engagement by the government; he notes that individuals cannot take on such engagement and that it must be carried out by the government only. The wisdom behind this is that some of these groups that we see today working to redress wrongs by force actually cause civil strife and widespread corruption.

     

    5. “The Islamic caliphate” was a phrase the companions of the Prophet, may God be pleased with them, accepted in order to denote the unification of the Muslims and their affairs under an administration that would uphold Islamic law and protect their lives, dignity, and wealth. But the caliphate is not a matter of theology; rather, it is a matter of law subject to legal stipulations, and it is one possible means among others that could be replaced today by other means in order to achieve unity between nations so that they may cooperate and complement one another. Actually, for many centuries, some Muslim lands were independent of the caliphate and were still able to uphold the religion, safeguard the law and sacred sites, and ensure peace and security. This is still the case. Our religion teaches us that our understandings stem from meanings, not words and forms. Consequently, there is no religious duty to pursue the establishment of a caliphate by force—even if we assume it is possible to do so. What then of those who spread corruption in the land, kill the innocent, terrorize the weak, destroy mosques and houses of worship, and disinter tombs? As Ibn Qayyim records, the Prophet Muhammad, God’s peace and blessings upon him, and the four Rightly-Guided Caliphs never destroyed a church, synagogue, or temple!

     

    6. All forms of oppression and aggression against religious minorities are in direct contradiction to the values of our religion. In fact, Islam calls us to do well by religious minorities, to place them under our protection, and threatens those who harm them with punishment in the afterlife. This is evidenced by the track record of the Muslim world, which has no peer in history when it pertains to people living harmoniously with religious minorities, beyond what basic humanity demands of equal rights and responsibilities. Hence, any aggression of any kind or coercion to convert is unacceptable. Coerced conversion is invalid in Islamic law. Islam has nothing to do with this, as the Qur’an states, “There is no compulsion in religion” (Qur’an, 2:256).

     

    7. Fighting and conflict for reasons other than self-defense and repelling aggression are not Islamic values despite the attempts of some to dress it up as righteousness. These are values foreign to the Islamic ethos; in the Islamic tradition, destruction has never been seen as a foundation for advancement; rather, it is seen as a result of ignorance and fanaticism, the effect of suppression and feelings of frustration and vengeance. Our values are intended to instill confidence and love in the hearts, to repel falsehood with truth without any enmity, and to respond to wrongs with patience, pardon, and forgiveness: “Fight in Gods cause against those who who overstep the limits” (Qur’an, 2:190). “Repel evil with good” (Qur’an, 23:96). “They repel evil with good” (Qur’an, 28:54).

     

    8. Muslim societies need to inculcate peace as a goal and a priority. This should be done by means of clearly stated values, both Islamic and those common to broader humanity, and by means of elucidating the legal aspects of peace and reconciliation, its terms, principles, universals, and particulars. In this way, harmony can be restored, distorted perceptions can be corrected, and love and harmony will spread, pulling in the reins of excommunication, defamation, and conflict so that the culture of reason and understanding may again rise. People will then strive to promote the common good and ward off societal harms, following the path of wisdom so that a Muslim will practice his or her religion without feeling estranged or being prone to anxiety or despair.

    For these reasons, we call yet again upon religious scholars, philosophers, writers, pioneers, the media, bloggers, and social media activists to take on the task to carry this message, assert its importance in creating harmony in society, and develop a roadmap towards promoting a culture of peace in Muslim societies. We call for an ideological review of curricula and other programming and a detailed analysis of the age in which we live: its needs, demands, ideas, and tools. Studies in the religious sciences need to be furthered in degree and level of understanding, augmented by consideration, reflection, interpretation, legal reasoning, and an understanding of the circumstances surrounding revelatory events. In this manner, the primary texts—both their statements and understandings—can be reexamined, and particulars can be taken back to the universals, restoring the regard the legal schools (madh-habs) had for differences of opinion.

    This is not a call to change or replace our scripture; rather it is to go back to its essence and original intended implications using all available methods of research. Only then will we realize just how expansive the shariah is, how merciful, inclusive, and full of wisdom it is. The solutions will be borne out of the shariah, its spirit, and goals. This is an urgent need. The religious scholars and clerics must face it courageously in order to save our community from endless war. And the politicians and representatives must work to remove oppression. Also, world organizations should be more just and sensitive to the events that take place in our region.

     

    9. Lastly, a warning to the youth of the Muslim world in particular, lest they become fuel for the fires of strife and corruption in this world and become fuel for the fire of hell on the Day of Reckoning. We call on them to remain steadfast in the face of the empty claims and promises made before them and to live the Islamic law properly so that they will not be confused and duped into confusing falsehood with truth. This applies, in particular, to those who do not have a command of Arabic and do not understand the language of the Qur’an.

     

    No Muslim is to be excommunicated unless he or she says or does something that is absolutely unambiguous and not open to alternative interpretations. The Prophet, God’s peace and blessings upon him, declared that simply cursing a Muslim is deviance and killing him is disbelief. God has declared the human soul as sacred: “Do not take life, which God has made sacred, except by right” (Qur’an, 17:33). God has also made killing one soul equal to killing all of humanity: “If anyone kills a personunless inretribution for murder or spreading corruption in the landit is as if he kills all humankind, while if any saves a life, it is as if he saves the lives of all humankind” (Qur’an, 5:32). Also, a tradition of the Prophet, God’s peace and blessings upon him, states: “Abeliever will still have some leeway regarding his religious duties, as long as he has not spilled blood unjustly.”

     

    May God’s sublime peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad, his kin, and his companions.

    Abdallah bin Bayyah

    President, Forum for Promoting Peace in Muslim Societies

    September 14, 2014

    Abu Dhabi

     

    Source: binbayyah.net

  • Komentar: Islam Disesuaikan Dalam Konteks S’pura, Atau Konteks S’pura Disesuaikan Dengan Islam?

    Komentar: Islam Disesuaikan Dalam Konteks S’pura, Atau Konteks S’pura Disesuaikan Dengan Islam?

    Sering kali timbul perbualan dan perbahasan tentang kehidupan moden, termasuk di Singapura. Dalam hal ini, apakah agama Islam perlu disesuaikan dengan konteks Singapura, ataupun konteks Singapura itu yang perlu disesuaikan dengan Islam.

    Singapura sebuah negara berbilang bangsa dan agama. Maka semestinya, keadaan negara sekular memerlukan pendekatan-pendekatan yang tertentu untuk masyarakat muslimnya. Dalam ruangan KOMENTAR kali ini, kami ketengahkan pandangan Ustaz Dr Suhaimi Mustar yang mengupas persoalan kehidupan di kota majmuk lagi moden seperti Singapura, dengan persoalan berhubung ijtihad. Ustaz Dr Suhaimi yang baru mendapat ijazah PhD tahun lalu, menulis artikel ini untuk BERITAMediacorp:

    KUPASAN JIHAD DARI KACA MATA ULAMA

    Ijtihad berasal dari perkataan Arab “al-juhd” atau “al-jahd” yang membawa maksud sesuatu yang menyusahkan, membebankan atau memberatkan, sama ada dengan menggunakan kekuatan mental atau fizikal. Manakala ijtihad dari segi istilah pula ialah, melakukan semampu keupayaaan bagi menghasilkan hukum syarak yang praktikal melalui kajian mendalam.

    Adapun menurut al-Amidi (2003), ijtihad adalah “menumpukan sepenuh usaha dalam menghasilkan hukum syarak yang bersifat zanni (belum pasti) sehingga seorang merasa tidak mampu lagi melakukan lebih dari itu”. Dengan lain perkataan, satu usaha bersungguh-sungguh untuk menghasilkan kesempurnaan semaksimum mungkin dalam sesuatu perkara.

    Manakala mujtahid pula (orang yang mengeluarkan pandangan agama atau fatwa), ulama telah meletakkan syarat-syarat penting ke atas mereka dalam berijtihad. Mereka perlu melihat dalil-dalil syarak bersama-sama dengan realiti semasa dan setempat secara bersepadu.

    FATWA BOLEH BERUBAH

    Ibn al-Qayyim (1423H) pula berkata, antara syarat terpenting ialah, perlu memahami keadaan semasa. Justeru, seorang mujtahid yang memberi fatwa kepada manusia tidak boleh hidup dalam keadaan terpencil lalu mengeluarkan fatwa atau sesuatu hukum di luar konteks kehidupan sebenar. Ini kerana, fatwa sebenarnya boleh berubah dengan berubahnya masa, tempat, keadaan dan ‘urf (adat resam) sesebuah masyarakat.

    Kenyataan ini disokong oleh Abu Zahrah (1958), dengan katanya, seorang mujtahid disyaratkan memahami realiti semasa ketika mengeluarkan fatwa, memahami psikologi orang yang bertanya, masyarakat semasa dan keadaan sekitaran berlakunya suatu kejadian atau amalan, mengetahui kesan fatwa dari sudut keburukan dan kebaikan (Muhammad Baltaji, 2007).

    Menurut al-Qardawi, ijtihad yang sederhana yang tidak melampaui batas akan berkekalan, manakala yang sebaliknya tidak akan berkekalan dalam penentuan sesuatu hukum.

    Menurut beliau lagi, perlunya sentiasa ada ijtihad baru di zaman moden hari ini kerana, ijtihad merupakan asas penting dalam syari‘ah Islam dan pintu ijtihad terbuka luas bagi golongan ulama untuk mencari penyelesaian terhadap keperluan masyarakat moden yang berubah-ubah masakini. H

    Hal ini ditekankan oleh Muhammad Hashim Kamali (2000), peranan ijtihad amat penting selain ianya disyariatkan dalam Islam, ia juga adalah alat pengembang hukum Islam. Tidak ada fatwa yang dikeluarkan melainkan dengan ijtihad dan bertujuan untuk mencapai maqashid syari‘ah (tujuan syari‘ah).

    KEPERLUAN-KEPERLUAN IJTIHAD DI S’PURA

    Sebagai contoh, isu nuzriah yang diamalkan di Singapura adalah merujuk kepada maqasid syari‘ah.

    Keperluan kepada ijtihad dalam isu-isu baru sangat mendesak sebagai contoh, isu pewarisan harta yang menjadi salah satu isu rumit dan penting dalam masyarakat yang memerlukan kepada ijtihad ulama dan panduan fatwa di sebabkan perkembangan skop perkara-perkara yang dikategorikan sebagai harta pusaka, perubahan gaya hidup, sumber pendapatan, sosio-ekonomi, perbezaan lokaliti – semuanya membawa kepada keperluan dan penetapan hukum yang berbeza.

    Ini juga membayangkan peningkatan tahap pemikiran dan keintelektualan masyarakat, kesedaran terhadap agama serta kemajuan sosio-ekonomi di Singapura.

    Isu-isu pewarisan seperti Pemilikan bersama (Joint-Tenancy), Nuzriah, Hibah, Nominasi CPF dan Insurans memerlukan fatwa yang proaktif dan ijtihad kontemporari bagi merealisasikan maqasid syari‘ah. Ini kerana isu-isu seperti ini belum pernah wujud di zaman Rasulullah s.a.w. atau zaman Sahabat r.a. dan belum ada ketentuan hukum ke atasnya.

    Sehingga ada masanya, fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh ulama masakini dalam isu-isu berkaitan, pada zahirnya kelihatan ada semacam percanggahan dengan prinsip-prinsip asas hukum faraid seperti dalam isu nuzriah.

    ISLAM DAN S’PURA – PERBAHASAN TENTANG KONTEKS

    Dalam konteks kehidupan Singapura, masyarakat berbilang agama, bangsa dan umat Islam adalah minoriti, peranan mujtahid berijtihad mengeluarkan fatwa untuk menentukan sesuatu hukum baru atau pendirian agama perlu melihat berbagai sudut dan berhati-hati demi menjaga keharmonian bangsa dan agama.

    Baru-baru ini timbul kekata seperti, “Islam perlu disesuaikan dalam konteks Singapura” yang membawa maksud bahwa, amalan umat Islam di Singapura perlu melihat kepada konteks semasa, agar dapat diaplikasi sesuai dengan masyarakat moden Singapura.

    Namun, menurut pandangan sesetengah pihak, pendapat tersebut tidak tepat. Yang lebih tepat menurut mereka adalah “Konteks Singapura perlu disesuaikan dengan Islam” bukan sebaliknya. Dasar hujah bagi golongan ini adalah berpandukan hukum yang tersurat di dalam al-Quran dan Sunnah Nabi s.a.w. tanpa sebarang takwil (tafsiran).

    Antaranya, fiman Allah SWT bermaksud:
    “Dan barangsiapa yang tidak memutuskan menurut apa yang diturunkan Allah, maka mereka itu adalah orang-orang yang kafir.” (al-Maidah: 44)

    “Dan barangsiapa yang tidak memutuskan menurut apa yang diturunkan Allah, maka mereka itu adalah orang-orang yang zalim.” (al-Maidah: 45)

    “Dan barangsiapa yang tidak memutuskan menurut apa yang diturunkan Allah, maka mereka itu adalah orang-orang yang fasik.” (al-Maidah: 47)

    JALUR PEMIKIRAN YANG TIDAK CARI PENJELASAN LANJUT

    Pandangan ini pada pendapat penulis, lebih cenderung kepada pendapat mazhab Hanbali yang dipelopori oleh Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, beliau adalah salah seorang tokoh ulama salaf yang mempunyai ciri khas dalam pemikirannya iaitu lebih menerapkan pendekatan lafdzi (teks) daripada pendekatan ta’wil, kemudian beliau menyerahkan makna-makna ayat dan hadis mutasyabihat (kesamaran) kepada Allah SWT dan RasulNya.

    Metodologi beliau dalam pengambilan hukum daripada sumber al-Quran dan al-Sunnah mengikut apa yang tersurat tanpa sebarang ta’wil. Beliau juga kurang memberi ruang dan tumpuan kepada penggunaan akal untuk berijtihad.

    Sebagai contoh, pemikiran tauhid Imam Ahmad tentang ayat-ayat mutasyabihat (kurang jelas) diertikan sebagaimana seadanya, hanya penjelasan tentang cara (kaifiah) dari ayat tersebut diserahkan kepada Allah SWT. Ketika beliau ditanya tentang tafsiran surah Thaha ayat 5. Ertinya: “Maha Pengasih Bersemayam di atas Arsy” (Thaha: 5)

    Imam Ahmad menjawab: “Istiwa di atas ‘Arasy terserah kepada Allah SWT dan bagaimana Dia kehendaki dengan tiada batas dan tiada seorangpun yang sanggup menyerupainya”. Dan dalam memahami hadis nuzul (Allah turun ke langit dunia), ru’yah (melihat Allah SWT di akhirat) dan hadis tentang telapak kaki Allah SWT, beliau berkata: “Kita mengimani dan membenarkannya, tanpa mencari penjelasan lanjut tentang cara dan maknanya” (Abdul Razak, 2006).

    IMAM SHAFIE ADA 2 IJTIHAD

    Hujah bagi golongan kedua yang berpendapat bahawa Islam perlu disesuaikan dengan konteks Singapura adalah, menurut mereka di dalam al-Quran terdapat lebih banyak ayat-ayat yang mendorong manusia menggunakan akal (berijtihad) dalam menghasilkan sesuatu hukum yang baru daripada ayat-ayat yang tetap tidak boleh berubah.

    Menurut mereka lagi, al-Imam al-Shafi‘e sendiri mempunyai dua pendapat atau ijtihad yang berbeza yang dikenali dengan qaul qadim (pendapat lama) dan qaul jadid (pendapat baru). Pendapat lama semasa beliau tinggal di Baghdad (Iraq) dengan corak pemikiran rationalist.

    Manakala yang kedua pula semasa beliau menetap di Mesir dengan menggabungkan dua corak pemikiran ulama Hijaz (tekstual) dan ulama Iraq (rasional). Sebabnya adalah, beliau merasai dua suasana kehidupan yang berbeza serta keadaan masyarakat yang berlainan adat resam dan budaya.

    Selanjutnya, banyak perkara-perkara baru yang timbul yang belum pernah ada hukumnya sebelum ini, memerlukan kepada panduan agama terkini. Jika tidak, agama Islam menjadi beku dan tidak relevant (sesuai) untuk menjadi agama yang terbesar jumlah pengikutnya di dunia.

    PENULIS: RUANG IJTIHAD MASIH TERBUKA LUAS

    Pandangan peribadi penulis, ruang ijtihad masih terbuka luas bagi ulama dalam menghasilkan sesuatu hukum yang terbaik bagi kehidupan manusia sejagat.

    Selagi tidak ada dalil jelas tentang hukum sesuatu perkara, maka ijtihad boleh digunakan. Namun, tidak kepada perkara-perkara yang semua telah maklum akan hukumnya, seperti dalam bab aqidah, Allah SWT itu Esa, adanya Syurga dan Neraka. Dalam bab ibadah, wajib solat 5 waktu sehari semalam, jumlah rakaat bagi setiap solat fardhu dan waktu-waktunya. Dalam bab muamalah, riba, judi itu haram dan lain-lain.

    Menurut al-Nadawi (1981), hukum yang berubah adalah hukum-hukum bersifat ijtihadiyah (ada ruang ijtihad) yang bersumber dari ‘urf dan mashlahah.

    Ijtihad Saidina ‘Umar dalam beberapa kes menunjukkan bahwa suatu hukum boleh berubah disebabkan perubahan sosial. Tetapi roh syari‘ah yang mendasari hukum tetap bertahan tidak berubah.

    KENAPA TIDAK LAKSANA HUKUM POTONG TANGAN?

    Ijtihad beliau dalam beberapa isu bertentangan dengan dalil-dalil jelas seperti dalam isu saham muallaf, beliau tidak membahagikan harta dari hasil pungutan zakat negara kepada saham muallaf kerana pada zaman beliau nasib orang-orang tersebut sudah cukup terbela, tidak lagi rasa takut dan mereka juga dari segi ekonomi agak mantap dari sebelumnya (Amiur Nuruddin, 1991).

    Beliau juga tidak melaksanakan hukuman potong tangan dalam kes curi kerana situasi pada waktu itu adalah zaman kelaparan. Sehingga tindakan mencuri dalam keadaan terpaksa (dharurah) dibolehkan kerana untuk tujuan kehidupan (Muhammad Baltaji, 2005).

    Kesimpulan, kehidupan manusia berbeza dari satu tempat ke satu tempat yang lain, keperluan dan tuntutan kehidupan juga berubah-ubah dari masa ke semasa. Agama Islam akan menjadi agama yang sempit dan tidak sesuai jika tidak ada ruang flaksibal dalam mencari jalan menyelesaikan terhadap sesuatu masalah yang memerlukan hukum baru terhadapnya.

    Ijtihad-ijtihad Saidina ‘Umar sendiri ada kalanya bercanggah dengan ijtihad Nabi s.a.w. dalam beberapa kes dan bahkan bertentangan dengan nash al-Quran. Ini menunjukkan bahwa Allah SWT memberi ruang kepada mujtahid untuk mencari jalan terbaik dalam menentukan kehidupan mereka, pada masa yang sama tidak menggadai atau mengabaikan kepentingan agama.

    Sabda Nabi s.a.w bermaksud: “Allah SWT telah menetapkan sejumlah kewajiban, maka jangan disia-siakan. Allah telah menetapkan batasan-batasan, maka jangan kamu langgar, Allah mengharamkan beberapa perkara maka jangan kamu dekati dan Allah mendiamkan beberapa perkara karana rahmat kepada kamu bukan karana lupa, maka jangan kamu mencari-cari (hukumnya)” (HR: al-Dar Quthni)

    (Gambar-gambar: Facebook/ Suhaimi Mustar)

    MENGENAI PENULIS:

    Ustaz Dr Suhaimi Mustar kini bertugas sebagai Pengerusi Eksekutif bagi Masjid Assyakirin dan Masjid Ar-Raudah. Beliau merupakan seorang asatizah terkini Singapura yang bergelar ‘Dr’ setelah lulus ijazah Doktor Falsafah tahun lalu (2016).
    Ustaz Dr Suhaimi menerima ijazah tersebut dalam bidang Fatwa dan Pewarisan dari Fakulti Tamadun Islam di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Asalnya seorang siswazah Syariah Islam dari Universiti Islam Madinah, beliau kemudian memburu ijazah Sarjana di Universiti Islam Malaysia dalam bidang Fiqh dan Usul Fiqh. 

    Source: BeritaMediacorp